Juvenile Delinquency Criminological Theories

Adolescent Delinquency Criminological Theories Presentation The reason for this paper is to clarify adolescent wrongdoing utilizing three criminological speculations. These incorporate the messed up windows hypothesis, the way of life of the pack hypothesis and the social confusion theory.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Juvenile Delinquency: Criminological Theories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Criminological Theories Shaw and McKay (1942, pp. 89-102) built up the social disruption hypothesis, which clarifies wrongdoing in wording neighborhood elements. As indicated by Shaw and McKay (1942, pp. 89-102), socio-monetarily denied neighborhoods are socially disordered. This is on the grounds that such neighborhoods are described with ethnic heterogeneity, low monetary accomplishments, and high private portability. These elements contrarily influence the casual and formal organizations of social control, for example, schools, family, and houses of worship. Thus, guideline of conduct decays a nd adolescent wrongdoing expands (Gary, 2003, pp. 10-25). Socially muddled neighborhoods likewise advance the improvement of criminal customs, which are effectively passed from age to age of adolescents. For this situation, youngsters learn expert reprobate perspectives through customary connections with more established adolescents. In this way, adolescent misconduct rates will be high in territories where conduct control systems are missing and the transmission of reprobate qualities is high. Wilson and Kelling (1982, pp. 29-38) built up the messed up windows hypothesis to clarify wrongdoing and adolescent misconduct. The hypothesis looks at networks to houses whose windows are broken after some time. Houses whose wrecked windows are fixed quickly send the message that the proprietors are in control and are probably going to turn away future endeavors to break the windows. On the other hand, houses whose wrecked windows are unattended to give the feeling that nobody is in control, accordingly reassuring vandals to break more windows. In such manner, adolescent misconduct is probably going to be high in networks with powerless or no social controls. Wilson and Kelling (1982, pp. 29-38) state that adolescent wrongdoing rate is probably going to increment if minor unfortunate activities are permitted to advance into genuine wrongdoing. This gives the feeling that there are no formal or casual social control frameworks to direct the conduct of people. At last, reprobate adolescents will rush in regions with no social request, though mindful and restrained individuals will move to territories with low crime percentages. This clarifies the distinction in the degree of adolescent misconduct in various urban areas or communities.Advertising Looking for article on criminology? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cohen (1955, pp. 173-177) built up the way of life of the group hypothesis to clarify the birthplace of adolescent misconduct. As indicated by Cohen (1955, pp. 173-177), objective blockage is the primary driver of adolescent wrongdoing. Specifically, the young try to become individuals from the white collar class in their networks. Be that as it may, when they neglect to accomplish this goal or goal through legitimate or unlawful methods, they will in general make feasible elective status frameworks. This includes embracing esteems that are against regular worth frameworks. Succinctly, the young who can't accomplish the white collar class status or some other objective are probably going to participate in adolescent wrongdoing as a way to accomplish an elective status. End The social disruption hypothesis and the messed up windows hypothesis recommend that adolescent wrongdoing is brought about by absence of social control components. This can be shown by the high adolescent wrongdoing rates in networks with frail control foundations, for example, the police, schools, and family. T he way of life of the group hypothesis, then again, proposes that the young will embrace non-traditional qualities and take part in wrongdoing on the off chance that they can't accomplish their objectives. References Cohen, A. (1955). Reprobate young men: The way of life of the group. New York, NY: Free Press. Gary, J. (2003). Social confusion hypothesis. New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. Shaw, C., McKay, H. (1942). Adolescent wrongdoing and urban zones. Chicago, CH: University of Chicago Press.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Juvenile Delinquency: Criminological Theories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wilson, J., Kelling, G. (1982, March 1). Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), pp. 29-38.

Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Wal-Mart - Essay Example Porter’s conventional system gives a reasonable linkage between key administration and vital money. Wal-Mart’s choices had an unmistakable linkage between vital administration and key money. In any event, when entering a remote nation, a firm needs to evaluate which markets to enter, the planning and the size of passage (Hill, p488).Whether the technique is to keep up cost authority or item separation, a definitive procedure is to increase upper hand and upgrade gainfulness. Wal-Mart concentrated on cost administration and their minimal effort model served them well inside the US yet a similar technique didn't help them in their global activities. In the US they had accomplished natural development however when they chose to grow their endeavors abroad, they didn't look past the ease model. As indicated by Mintzberg (1987), a system should basically have two attributes †it is made ahead of time of the activity embraced and it must be concocted deliberately and inte ntionally. Wal-Mart didn't follow this standard of vital management.Wal-Mart did none of these and simply attempted to recreate the plan of action that had acquired them achievement the US. Another significant factor when entering another nation is the decision of passage mode which must be founded on long haul development and benefit potential. There are four unique methods of sections - sending out, contracts (authorizing) joint endeavors (JV) or completely claimed auxiliaries (WOS) and the decision relies fair and square of control required.

REX at Random Hall

REX at Random Hall Pre-frosh have descended into campus, making the rest of us feel very very old. They will spend the next several days learning about MIT, departments, resources and culture. It turns out where you live can strongly influence what slice of the Institutes culture you experience, especially with the dormitories being so self-selecting. You get to choose where you live. I chose Random Hall, a decision Ive never regretted. MITs REX (Residence Exploration) Program is a way for each incoming freshman to figure out where they belong. Breathe easy knowing your decisions are not binding, but you do wanna think about them quite seriously, and give each living groupfrom the dorms to the FSILGs (Fraternities, Sororities and Independent Living Groups)a decent attempt at trying to understand what living there would be like. REX is already in full swing at Random, and this is what the schedule looks like: Tuesday, August 25th Cards Against Humanity Pictionary Why play regular Pictionary when you could be drawing things like MechaHitler, being on fire, a middle aged man on roller skates, raptor attacks, children on leashes, or chainsaws for hands? A hilarious mix of Cards Against Humanity and Pictionary! Shenanigans will ensue. 20:17 21:47 Wednesday, August 26th Kindergarten! You left kindergarten, but it will never leave you! Come relive the glory days! 20:17 22:17 Thursday, August 27th Random Hallsmeade Come and watch Harry, Ron, and Hermione face werewolves, dementors, and escaped convict Sirius Black while enjoying some of the treats you may find in Hogsmeade! 20:17 22:47 Friday, August 28th RHOP Random House of Pancakes! Is it early, or is it late? All we know is that we have delicious pancakes to feed you. 3:17 6:17 Pecker Board Game Night and Teach you Tichu Build a Dominion in Puerto Rico comprised of Seven Wonders, then Race to the Galaxy and help the Twilight Imperium crush the Resistance. Through the Ages, board games have been an Innovation Random Hall has enjoyed. Come and play the various board games weve acquired! 20:17 ??? Saturday, August 29th Espresso and Latte Art Come to Random Hall to learn the mysteries of high-pressure coffee. 9:47 11:47 Nacho Average Nachos Nachos with meat! Nachos with vegetables! Nachos with nachos! Maybe even a nacho castle! 11:47 12:47 Liquid Nitrogen Truffles Lets see just how many uses LN2 has. 12:47 14:47 PowerPoint Karaoke HELP! The board of directors will be here in a minute, and Arthur has deleted the company performance review slideshow by accident! Here, well put on some PowerPoint slides we randomly found in the company servers help us convince the directors that *we know what were talking about*!! (Come and watch! Or, are you ready SAVE THE DAY OR DIE TRYING? I mean, die laughing) 14:17 15:47 Cookies and Smut Listen to the finest Viking romance novels and eat delicious warm chocolate chip cookies. Feel the horriblehorriblehorrible sensation of rivulets of chocolate dripping down your throat and discover Thors magnificent hammer! 15:47 16:47 Sledgehammer Croquet Play croquet with an extremely heavy mallet normally used to demolish things! 16:47 18:17 How to Not Starve So your mom left you here with a pineapple, some plastic wrap, and $20 for food. Come learn how to fend off the hunger once the free food events run out. 18:17 20:17 Almost Life-Sized Settlers of Catan Come play (almost) life-sized Settlers of Catan! Hoard (and eat, when its not your turn) marshmallow sheep, pretzel wheat, oreo iron, and graham-cracker bricks! Trade them with your neighbors, or foil their plans and keep everything for yourself. Build roads, villages, and cities! 19:17 23:17 Spooky Scary Videogames Possessed animatronics? Spooky scary skeletons? Ghosts!?!?!? Lets discover all these and more through the power of horror video games! 20:47 22:17 SLUMBER PARTYYY!!1!cos(0)! Ever wanted to be a teenage girl? Well nows your chance! Come join us for a night of nail painting, hair braiding, stuffed animals, and watching chick flicks. 22:17 24:17 Sunday, August 30th Storytime with Cruft Cruft, n.: (1) An old piece of computer equipment, possibly useless, that keeps hanging around. (2) An old alum. Come hear stories from back in the day, when things were more hardcore. 10:47 12:47 Dumpling Hylomorphisms Anamorphism: the building up of a structure. Catamorphism: the consumption of a structure. Hylomorphism: both an anamorphism and a catamorphism. This event? A hylomorphism on dumplings. Come learn to make them, or just perform a metabolic reduction on food. (Vegan + Carnivorous options) 12:47 15:47 Math and Tea Learn some fun and intriguing math, with snacks to fend off brain death. Some sugar from cookies, and caffeine from tea, will power the fun we will hath! 14:47 17:47 Random Swords Adventures! Having trouble making frenemies? We can fix that! Come play Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures, a cooperative game where you have to work together to rid Hyrule of evil. 16:47 18:17 Build a Pizza BUILD A. PIZZA. Make your own pizza and set. it free. BUILD YOUR. PIZZA. FIND YOUR. PIZZA. . YOUR PIZZA. 19:17 21:17 CHEEEEESE Swiss Cheddar Brie Cottage Parmigiano Reggiano Gouda Chevre Camembert Provolone Ricotta Colby Jack Pepper Jack Monterey Jack Mozzarella Muenster Blue Havarti Limburger Feta 20:17 21:17 How to Zephyr Chat with friends the MIT way! Zephyr is an internet chat protocol (like AIM or Messenger) developed at MIT, back when things were more hardcore. Well show you how to use Zephyr to hang out with friends, get help from classmates, and keep your finger on the pulse of life at MIT! Youll need to bring a laptop; any OS is fine. 20:47 21:47 Nerdy Sing-along Its hard to overstate my satisfaction with how much this event is fulfilling in creative way. If hopes and dreams are shattering apart, remember its gonna be the future soon, so apply forgetful functors to the past and be still alive. 21:47 22:47 Telephone Pictionary Is that a rampaging dinosaur breathing acid on a girl eating a hot dog? Or is it a dragon trying to make friends with a guy playing a harmonica? 22:47 23:47 Spinning on the Roofdeck Did you know spinning socks around your head is actually an ancient art form? Poi come from New Zealand, and you, too, can swing them through a variety of geometric and rhythmical patterns. 23:47 24:47 Monday, August 31st CS and Juice Bobby walks down the isle at Shaws, trying to pick the optimal set of juices to buy. He cant buy pomegranate juice without something sweeter to mix it with, like apple or orange, but if he buys orange juice, he wont buy orange mango as welluh oh. Bobby smells a boolean satisfiability problem to solve. 13:47 16:47 Infinite Loop and Bubble Party! Hula hoops! Fruit loops! So many loops! Whats a loop in 3 dimensions? A sphe-BUBBLE! Come hula hoop, meet cool people, play in our gazillion bubbles, and eat loops until you feel cozy in our version of the MIT bubble! 15:47 17:47 Clam Preheat Grab your favorite pot and satisfy your munchies on Clam. Weve got the brownies, the hash (browns) and more! 18:47 19:47 Ice Cream and UROPS Eat delicious Toscaninis while listening to excited people be excited about their exciting UROPs! 19:17 20:17 Fiddler on the Roofdeck Do you love latkes? Miss matzah ball soup? Come eat home-cooked, out-of-season, traditional Jewish food on Random Halls roofdeck. Being Jewish not required. 20:17 21:17 Reverse Turing Test Can you be the next Cleverbot? Compete with other humans and robots to see who can imitate a chatbot the best, or help us tell the real computers apart from the impostors! Please bring a laptop if youd like to compete, preferably with an IRC client installed (we can help you get set up). 21:17 22:17 Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream Some like it hot; some like it sub-zero. 22:17 23:17 Battleship Twister Blue 4! Red 2! You sunk a frosh! Play a game of battleship where youre the ships and the grid is a twister board. 22:47 23:47 Rocky Horribles Sing-Along Blog Have beloved memories of Dr. Horrible? Not after this event, you wont. Come join us in yelling obscenities at a perfectly nice Sing-Along Blog that has done absolutely nothing to deserve it. 23:47 24:47 Tuesday, September 1st Random House of Pancakes Random House of Pancakes. Why are we up this late? To feed you pancakes of course! Pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes. Wow, pancakes is a really weird looking word. 3:17 6:17 Ceiling Tile Painting Throughout history, magnificent masterpieces have been painted on ceilings. Unlike Michaelangelo though, you can just take a ceiling tile down at Random instead of having to lie on your back in the Sistine Chapel. Bring your own ideas, paint from our photo references, or replicate your favorite art piece in ceiling tile form! 9:47 11:47 Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream Some like it hot; some like it sub-zero. 12:47 13:47 Chemistry and Cake Cake is yummy. Chemistry is fun. Come eat cake and learn chemistry and about course 5! 16:17 17:17 Random Party Light Construction Come construct an LED ornament to add to Randoms SUPER COOL PARTY LIGHTS. Learn the wonder that is laser cutting and amateur electronics. 16:17 18:17 WATER WAR   17:45 ??? Epic Mealtime of Destiny Bacon is a cookin. Meat is a roastin. Sauce is a flowin. The only thing missing is you. Cuz guess what? Youre gonna cook it and devour it. Its mealtime b**ches 19:47 20:47 Nerf Chess You know what chess needs more of? NERF GUNS! Shoot your opponent to make it your turn. Guaranteed to be cognitive overload. 20:17 22:17 Kittens, Tea, Cat Ladies, Oh My! Release your inner cat lady and make experimental toys for the cats of Random! Kittens, tea, and light snacks provided. 22:17 23:47 Philosophy and Phyllo Does free will exist? Can machines think? These questions and many more will be definitively, conclusively answered forever. Come debate with us and eat delicious baklava! 23:17 24:17 Wednesday, September 2nd Random House of Pancakes Random House of Pancakes: Im a delicious warm pancake smothered in maple syrup. Bite me. We have almost as many pancakes as the International House of Pancakes, and you dont have to drive to get here. See how much maple syrup you can fit on one plate. 3:17 6:17 Physics and Coffee Our theory holds that in a physics lecture, students exists in the lowest energy state. However, if bombarded by a caffeine ray with stimulation from advanced physics topics, it has been shown to raise students to an excited state. Come enjoy caffeine, sweets, and physics with us in our experiment to verify this! 9:47 10:47 Tessellation Celebration! Make your mark on Random Hall by helping to complete a gecko tessellation mural on one of Loops doors! Paint, brushes, and mess galore! No art experience required. :D 10:47 12:47 Fry Everything! Can you fry cheese? Yes! Can you fry meat? Yes! Can you fry candy bars? Yes! Can you fry ice cream? Yes! Can you fry fries? 12:47 13:47 May the Hunger Games begin! I, for one, am now Jason Hernaka,  non-bespectacled Ugandan pre-frosh. Lets see how long I can keep up the facade of being new to the US and wondering who a waffle is before my cover is blown, or I trip over something and land on my face and break all my teeth because Im not wearing my glasses. With that horrific image now glued for all of eternity to your minds, Happy REXing! Post Tagged #Random Hall #REX REX at Random Hall Three years ago I was in the room I’m still in now, and just like today it smelled like the boxes stacked on the furniture and the floor and stacked on each other, full of stuff my dad and I had bought my last week home on 2 am trips to Wal-Mart through empty dark streets in my pick-up truck. I spent the next week missing my family like crazy, and I spent it waking up to the smell of food from surrounding restaurants that always inhabits the streets of Cambridge in the morning, and I spent it wandering slow bridge loops with Mika B. ‘14 and David D. SM ‘08, and I spent it eating upperclassman-cooked pancakes with too much syrup at four in the morning. I was on my own for the first time and not feeling alone at all. Now it’s your turn. Here is where Random Hall is: If you’re an MIT freshman you should come by, even if you don’t live here yet, because you might want to live here, and if you don’t want to live here you might want to hang out here. Below are the events happening at Random this Residence Exploration period, starting with those you might not have already missed. We’re furiously unpacking the dorm and getting excited to see you. One of my best friends Ami G. ‘14 is out to find yellow paint for the dragon on Black Hole. Cory R. ‘14 just bought food for the roofdeck barbeque and prizes for billiards and is mixing ice cream for the LN2 events. Here are our tireless rush chairs YQ L. ‘16 and Eric M. ‘16 and our RLAD Michael and all the food they got for you: Friday, August 23rd Mural Painting   Leave your own mark in Random Hall by painting murals with us! No artistic skill needed! 20:17 21:17 Billiards Pool is a laid-back game that gives you a great chance to socialize while you play. Play a tournament for bragging rights, or make a fool of yourself trying to recreate trick shots. 21:17 22:17 Saturday, August 24th RHOP Random House of Pancakes: Im a delicious warm pancake smothered in maple syrup. Bite me. We have almost as many pancakes as the International House of Pancakes, and you dont have to drive to get here. See how much maple syrup you can fit on one plate. 03:17 06:17 Epic Meal Time of Destiny! Epic Meal Time of Destiny Random Hall cooking show! What up haters, today were gonna unleash another furious beast of baconstrips (and baconstrips and baconstrips) for you to shove down your food holes. Get ready to get lost in the sauce with the Sauce Boss! 13:47 15:17 Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream I scream, you scream, we all scream for 77 Kelvins. 15:17 16:17 Game Theory and Chocolate Do you like game theory? Do you like chocolate? Do you like learning about some fun problems while eating chocolate? I thought so. Come to Random to join us in two of our favorite things: learning and chocolate. 16:17 18:17 And The Beat Goes On A BEAR ON A BULLDOZER COMES THROUGH THE DAMN WALL EVERYBODY ROLL INITIATIVE. Come dance your way through an insane one-shot tabletop roleplaying game based on the system written by the author of the webcomic Leftover Soup. 16:17 20:17 Comfort Food Youve just left home, possibly for the longest time youve ever chosen to do so. Come snuggle up with some comfy blankets, eat some comfort food, and appreciate the homey atmosphere of Random Hall. 18:17 19:47 Your Wibbly Wobbly Guide to Time Travel What happens in your future if you attend this event? Come find out! No time travel experience necessary. 19:47 21:17 Intro to Electronics Come build circuits capable of sending audio over infrared light, and learn some electronics in the process. No experience necessary, everyone is welcomeâ€"just BYO headphones and audio source! 20:17 24:17 Random Hallsmeade Its not quite Hogsmeade, but its close. Come taste a few of the yummy treats you read about while we watch Harry enjoy his first year at Hogwarts. Butterbeer will be served. 21:17 24:17 Sunday, August 25th RHOP Random House of Pancakes. Why are we up this late? To feed you pancakes of course! Pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes pancakes. Wow, pancakes is a really weird looking word. 03:17 06:17 Curry Curry You can curry favor by having all the expansions for Race to the Galaxy. You can curry favor by teaching someone about exoplants. You can curry favor by helping someone mod their nerf gun. You can curry curry by showing up to Random Hall and eating brunch with us. We will have golden curry with lots of vegetables and rice. Vegan and vegetarian options available. 10:17 12:17 Video Games in Destiny Lounge Youll meet many people this week, and friendly competition is an amazing icebreaker. After a day spent running all over campus, work out your arms while your feet rest. 10:47 12:47 Swinging on the Roofdeck Back in 1920, when Random Hall was just some apartment buildings in Central Square, its residents knew how to DANCE. Come repopulate the dorm with more Cool Cats (we already have cats of the feline variety). Learn to Swing Dance! No partner nor experience necessary. 12:17 13:47 Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream Sure, youve had ice cream before. But now youre at MITâ€"its time for the real stuff. 12:47 13:47 Physics n Coffee If mathematicians turn tea into theorems do physicists turn coffee into awesomeness? Caffeine, physics, and cookies all in one place. 13:47 16:47 Dumpling Hylomorphism Anamorphism: the building up of a structure. Catamorphism: the consumption of a structure. Hylomorphism: both an anamorphism and a catamorphism. This event? A hylomorphism on dumplings. Come learn the basic fold, or just perform a metabolic reduction on food. 13:47 15:17 Spinning in Enclosed Spaces Random Hall has thin, topologically convoluted, claustrophobia-and-vertigo-inducing hallways. Come learn and practice the creativity of applying centripetal force to poi and staff in time to music. Lets see if we can involve stairs in this bad idea somehow. 15:17 16:17 Rocky Horrible Think Dr. Horrible is a beautiful, amazing, inviolable work of perfect art? Please go somewhere else. Anyone else? Come join us in yelling obscenities at a perfectly nice Sing-Along Blog that has done absolutely nothing to deserve it. 16:47 18:17 Bubble Tea and Electroswing Its electroswing night at your friendly neighborhood bubble tea parlor! Well provide basic and exotic bubble tea ingredients, and you get to formulate delicious new concoctions. 17:17 18:30 Roofdeck BBQ Winter is coming, but its not here yet. Come socialize outdoors while the weather is still nice. Youll find ribs, sausage, pulled pork, and more! Vegetarians and vegans, we have you covered as well. 19:47 21:17 Ice Planets Do you ever get bored with ice cream? Ever wish it could be problematic? Come chill out with us as we use ice cream, string, and dowels to make everyones favorite impossible-to-eat food, ice planets! 20:47 22:47 CS and Juice Bobby walks down the isle at Shaws, trying to pick the optimal set of juices to buy. He cant buy pomegranate juice without something sweeter to mix it with, like apple or orange, but if he buys orange juice, he wont buy orange mango as welluh oh. Bobby smells a boolean satisfiability problem to solve. 21:17 22:17 Pecker Board Game Night Build a Dominion in Puerto Rico to prevent your Descent into Revolution. Through the ages, board games have been a leading tradition of Random Hall. Come play them with us through the night! 22:17 30:17 Monday, August 26th Cookies Smut Listen to the finest Viking romance novels and eat delicious warm chocolate chip cookies. Feel the horriblehorriblehorrible sensation of rivulets of chocolate dripping down your throat and discover Thors magnificent hammer! 09:47 11:00 Yarn Theory Yarn has one dimension. Fabric has two dimensions. Plushies have three dimensions. See how many dimensions you can make with a ball of string and some handy sticks! 09:47 11:00 DESTROY YOUR ENEMIES WITH FIERCE BLASTS OF DIHYDROGEN MONOXIDE Come join the Random faction as we prepare to march to victory at the water wars! Cover yourself in war-paint! Prepare flying aqueous projectiles! Create funnelators of doom and deathiness! Unleash your inner berserker! 14:00 14:30 DESTROY YOUR ENEMIES WITH FIERCE BLASTS OF DIHYDROGEN MONOXIDE Come join the Random faction as we prepare to march to victory at the water wars! Cover yourself in war-paint! Prepare flying aqueous projectiles! Create funnelators of doom and deathiness! Unleash your inner berserker! 16:00 16:30 Nerdy Singalong Its hard to overstate my satisfaction with how much this event is fulfilling in creative way. If hopes and dreams are shattering apart, remember its gonna be the future soon, so apply forgetful functors to the past and be still alive. 16:17 19:17 PCB Design and LED Displays Have you ever wondered how printed circuit boards (PCBs) are manufactured? Have you ever wanted to design a circuit and lay out a circuit board? Come help us finish our homemade fridge-mounted RGB led display and learn about how we designed it. 18:47 20:47 My Course is Better than Your Course We all love our majors. But whose major is truly the best? Come listen to us argue. Delicious home cooked Hispanic food will be served! 18:47 20:17 Dr. Horribles Sing Along Shadowcast Whether youre here to sing along or just take over the world, come join us as we act out Dr. Horribles Sing-Along Blog live! There will be love, drama, and freeze rays galore! Hosted at Simmons. 20:17 21:17 Guided Meditation Ever wanted to experience meditation? Come to this guided session, where Alison, our friendly GRT, will walk you through a couple special breathing exercises to reduce your heart rate and calm your body, and show you how to meditate. Non-thinking lets your mind recharge, so you can refocus, and get back to doing all the amazing things you do. 20:47 21:47 Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream Served steaming cold. 21:17 22:17 A Night of Space Westerns Do you like SPACE? Do you like COWBOYS? Do you like SPACE COWBOYS? Come to random to watch a few animated and live action Space Westerns. Why camp out and stare at the stars at night when you can fly through them? 21:47 23:47 Sweet Rave Party Rave (noun). An underground party in which electronic music is played, dancing occurs in a very free-form fashion. The dress of the partygoers is quite unrestrained. 22:17 25:17 Tuesday, August 27th RHOP Random House of Pancakes! Is it early, or is it late? All we know is that we have delicious pancakes to feed you. 03:17 06:17 First, Breakfast. And then World Domination! Up in the morning, ready to seize the day, watch your enemies quiver in fear and make the whole world tremble with the power of your footsteps? Before returning to Doomsday devices and explosives and the rest of the deliciously mad world, come have some breakfast. We have the classic waffles-smoothie combination, but also chocolate-covered strawberries and smores, for the discerning sweet-tooth. 09:47 11:17 Disney Sing Along You just cant wait to be King. No one will tell you no, or where to go, or say youre only dreaming. Come to Random Hall to rediscover tales as old as time and songs as old as rhyme. We dont mind if you sing along. We know all of the words, too. 09:47 11:17 Fantasy Feast The lovely ladies of Fortress Awesome invite you to their castle for a glorious feast. Eat stews, breads, meats, and vegetables that you might find in fantasy movies or shows. 12:47 14:17 Nerf Warfare Negotiations have failed. The shooting has begun. Both sides have vowed to fight to the death, and now the moment of glory is at hand. Do you have what it takes to be a hero? 12:47 14:17 Applied Knot Theory An introduction to the art of tying knots and people in practical and ornamental ways. Our knowledge of knots is not for naught. I can knot understand how anyone could knot be excited. 13:47 15:17 Liquid Nitrogen Truffles Tired of boring old chocolate? Come to Random Hall and try our truffles with flavors ranging from raspberry to pink lemonade to wasabi. That still too boring for you? Then freeze your truffles in liquid nitrogen! 14:17 15:17 Math and Tea Math is beautiful, cookies are sweet, tea is tasty. Come enjoy all three as we discuss topics in math ranging from algebra to topology. 16:17 19:17 Almost Life-Sized Settlers of Catan Come play (almost) life-sized Settlers of Catan! Hoard sheep, wheat, iron and bricks. Trade them with your neighbors, or foil their plans and keep everything for yourself. Build roads, villages, and cities! 16:17 18:17 Random: the Gathering Come draft our custom Magic: The Gathering set with our resident Magic players. If youve never cast Global Thermonuclear War, nows a good time. 18:17 19:17 Tuesday Night Talks Secretly, this is TNT. But there wont be any explosions. Come listen to upperclassmen talk about how not to explode at MIT and Random. Its going to be great. Seriously. Food (including vegetarian options) will be provided. 19:17 20:47 Chainmail! Having problems being woken up at night by swordsmen breaking down your door? Well, youll be able to sleep easy after this event; come learn to make armor worthy of the thirteenth century! Also suitable for badass jewelry. 20:47 22:17 Storytime with Cruft Cruft, n.: (1) An old piece of computer equipment, possibly useless, that keeps hanging around. (2) An old alum Come hear stories from back in the day, when things were more hardcore. 20:47 21:47 Star Trek Marathon Beam up to Random and discover Star Trek at warp speed! If you want to live long and prosper at MIT, frosh, you want to come to this eventâ€"make it so! 21:47 30:17 Late Night Escapades Night is the period where the sun vanishes beyond the horizon, decreasing the rate of solar energy being released onto land. Fortunately, humans are designed to be able to withstand this temporary decrease in solar energy. Join us in doing so by playing games of the board and non-board varieties and eating various foodstuffs. 22:17 30:17 Wednesday, August 28th Hot Chocolate and Bananagrams Youve been running around doing exciting things all of REXâ€"come hang out with us and relax a bit and play bananagrams! Well have hot chocolate and cookies, tooâ€"come ask any and all questions about life at MIT, classes, extracurriculars, etc. :) 09:47 10:47 Practical Cooking Dont be afraid of cooking for yourself. It can be delicious without taking tons of time and money. Come see (and eat) the kinds of food that your peers cook on a regular basis during the semester. 10:47 12:17 Chemistry and Cupcakes Have you ever wondered how glowsticks work? Why bread browns when its baked? Join us for the answers to these questions and more, including 5 in 5 (a whirlwind tour of Course 5 in 5 minutes per class), and a live demonstration of the breakdown of sugars and carbohydrates (in tasty cupcake form)! 12:17 13:30 Chess is a Game Best Played With Nerf Guns You know what chess is lacking? More projectile combat! Use nerf darts to skip your opponents turns and capture their king. Come play chess as youve never played it before. 16:17 17:17 Tea Time This just came across the wire! The secret police has issued a new statement shedding more light on last nights secret tea party incident. The time, location and purpose of this party have not been announced, but those who are interested should avoid the hooded figures by the dog park. The city council has only remarked, What is tea? Tea isnt even a thing! 17:17 18:17 Boffing on the Roofdeck Arm yourself with a weapon wrought of foam and tape, and strike with the fury of a thousand tigers! FOR THE GLORY OF RANDOM HALL! 18:17 19:00 Post Tagged #Random Hall #REX

Result of Observation Flame Test - 1152 Words

Result of Observation Chemical name and symbol Physical appearance Cation of the compound Flame color NaNO3Sodium nitrate Colourless crystal Na+ Yellowish Orange NaClSodium chloride Colorless crystal Cl+ Yellowish Orange LiNO3Lithium nitrate Colorless crystal Li+ Red BaNO3Barium nitrate White crystal Ba ² Bright yellow, lime yellow Sr(NO3) 2Strontium nitrate White crystal Sr ² Dark red Cu(NO3)2Cupric nitrate Blue crystal Cu ² Green, bluish green. Ca(NO3) 2Calcium nitrate White crystal Ca ² Redish orange KNO3Potassium nitrate Colourless crystal. K+ Light purple Unknown #1 Colorless crystal Red Unknown #2 White crystal Redish orange Unknown #1 is lithium nitrate, because it had the same physical appearance and same flame color as†¦show more content†¦Which means all metal have a different value. This explains when different metal are heated they emit light with different frequencies, which also mean different color. Conclusion During this lab we investigated the different flame colours produced by different compounds when electrons are excited by heating method, by doing this we were managed to identify two unknown compounds by comparing their flame colour to known ones. In this lab we used nichrome wire to pick up different compounds to burn in Bunsen burner to examine the different flame color, after each compounds, we cleaned the nichrome wire by rising it in hydrochloric acid and burning it until no colour other than the flames natural color was observed. By burning the compounds we excited the electrons to undergo transition, when they fall back to ground state, they emit light, and each element has different energy, which means they produce different colour of light. By looking at the results and observation, we saw that the flame color of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride was same, or almost identical. We figured out that it was the cation of the compound, which was responsible for the d ifferent colour we see, and not the anions in this experiment. Also by doing this we figured out the unknowns by comparing the flame color, the unknowns had the same colour as lithium nitrate and calcium nitrate, so I will assume the unknowns are lithium nitrate and calcium nitrate, but weShow MoreRelatedQualitative Observation Of A Chemical Reaction Lab Report1343 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative Observation of a Chemical Reaction Purpose: Carefully observe and interpret a chemical reaction. Apparatus: Equipment- 250mL beaker, 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, cardboard square, chemical scoop, metric ruler, lab countertop, rubber stoppers, safety goggles, lab apron Materials- candle ( 2cm diameter), matchbook, 2 toothpicks, Limewater solution, string, aluminum foil, Cobalt Chloride paper Procedure: Note appearance, odor, and feel of the unlighted candle. Heat the bottom of the candleRead MoreLab Report Essays655 Words   |  3 Pagesthe lab was to determine the ratio of air to acetylene results in complete combustion of acetylene gas. The balanced chemical equation for this experiment was C2H2(g) + O2(g) -- CO2(g)+ H2O(l). Complete combustion is the reaction of an element or compound with oxygen to produce the most common oxides and energy. Complete combustion occurs when the fuel and oxygen combine in exact proportions to completely burn the fuel, which leaves a clean test tube. Incomplete combustion is the reaction of an elementRead MoreEssay about Exp 4 Soo Jin Park 73426868 Words   |  4 Pageszinc) metal into the test tube containing the diluted HCI(Hydrochloric Acid) solution, gas bubbles rose from the solution slowly at the beginning and vigorously in process of time. As this reaction continued for a long time, transparent solution turned into white opaque color and black precipitates were formed and floated. Step G: Record your observations with the flame and the hydrogen gas. When gently squeezing a small portion of the hydrogen gas into the flame, the flame showed small flashRead MoreHow to Conduct a Flame Test1174 Words   |  5 Pages Flame Test Lab Your company has been contracted by Julius and Annette Benetti. They are worried about some abandoned, rusted barrels of chemicals that their daughter found while playing in the vacant lot behind their home. The barrels have begun to leak a colored liquid that flows through their property before emptying into a local sewer. The Benettis want your company to identify the compound in the liquid. Earlier work indicates that it is a dissolved metal compound. Many metals, suchRead MoreThe Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagessplint is inserted into the test tube, the flame will have enough fuel to fully reignite the splint. When the manganese dioxide is added, this will increase the rate of the production of oxygen in the reaction, without affecting the state of the manganese oxide. Materials: Test tube Retort stand Bunsen burner Scoopula Flint sparker 2cm of potassium chlorate (on scoopula) A pinch of manganese dioxide Procedure: The 2 centimetres of potassium chlorate was inserted into a test tube, which was then placedRead MoreIdentifying Inorganic Compounds Using Qualitative And Chemical Tests1288 Words   |  6 PagesIdentifying inorganic compounds using qualitative analyses and chemical tests Jessica Vithayathil U84363206 CHM 2045L Section: 033 Aaron Clark October 13, 2016 Introduction Due to climate change during the turn of the 21st century and overall population growth, scientists have noticed greater amounts of negative impact on water sources (Barber, 2011). Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) have been identified as one of the root causes of stress for these water sources (Barber).Read MoreProperties of Gases1568 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose: The purpose of this experiment was to test and observe the physical and chemical properties of gases, and to use these properties to identify these gases when they are encountered. Procedure: Create a data table similar to that in the lab assistant to record your observations. Gather the following lab equipment: Goggles, test tubes, 24 well plate, Gas assembly with copper and plastic tubing and a #00 stopper, short stem pipet, rubber stopper #00 with one hole and a pipet tip withRead MoreA Experiment On Unknown Salt Solution957 Words   |  4 Pagesmany tests and observations were needed to be made. With the gathered flame test results, and the information given in the procedure, conclusions could be made. Solution A is Sr2+ since it tested crimson red. Solution C is Ba2+ because it tested green. Solution D is Li+ because it turned the flame carmine red. Finally, solution G is Na+ because the flame had an intense colour of orange-yellow. The other ions did not give any specific flame test colour. The next test used was the litmus test, andRead MoreDifferent Types Of Fibers And The Distinguishing Characteristics Of An Unknown Fiber1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough a stain test, a microscope test, a solvent test, and a burn test. The second lab activity wa s to observe the characteristics of an unknown fiber thread and to identify the fiber by comparing its characteristics to the data from the first activity. The burn test is used to observe the reaction of a fiber when it is exposed to heat and to a flame. The solvent test is used to observe how a fiber reacts with acetone, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hypochlorite. The stain test is used to observeRead MoreInvestigation Of A Chemical Reaction Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesobserve a chemical reaction and to use qualitative and quantitative evidence to identify this reaction from among four possibilities. Apparatus: Ignition test tube Retort stand Crucible tongs Single hole stopper Iron ring Safety goggles Rubber tubing Wire gauze Flint lighter Bunsen burner Evaporating dish Hot pad Wooden splint Small test tube Crucible Test tube clamp Electronic balance Materials: 2.0g of Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) Limewater (Ca(OH)2) Cobalt chloride paper (CoCl2) Introduction:

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Biography of James Wilson Free Essays

string(86) " This speech was prepared regarding the problems faced by the people of Pennsylvania\." We are in this world for about 5000 years or more than it. During this period of time, the world has produced many intellectuals, philosophers, musicians, poets and many other professionals. The famous ones left this world, but they leave their accomplishments behind, through which we could produce, some more and brilliant intellectuals of the current age. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of James Wilson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intellectualism depends on the inner talent of a person. No one in this world is absolute. Everybody has talent in it; however, some possibly find their inner talent and became famous, while some only keep finding their talent but when discouraged, they leave the struggle to be something in this world. The famous people of the past ages have many discoveries that led to their fame and popularity. This was the beginning of the discoveries of mankind. The ones who used their brain for intellectual and innovative purposes succeeded in turning their dreams into a reality, while some who did not even manage to keep constant check on the discoveries, failed to recover their talent and so their names were swollen by the pages of history. Their names have been lost in the black, white and grayish shades of history. History repeats itself in every form. The way may be different, the idea or the people may be different but history repeats itself in every kind. When a human is welcomed into this world, he has nothing in his hands except a wonderful brain. This brain leads him to victory and defeat. When he comes into the world, he is well known through his brain and talent. Man has always come empty-handed and he leaves too empty-handed. We always discover in this world, because before birth or after death there is nothing. Whatever, whenever we have to do, we do in this world and left our name behind. This is an introduction for the victories and intellectuals of our age. If these would not have used their brains, we would not be able to use or know the technologies. Without the struggle of intellectuals, we would be limited under restricted lines, which would always be a wall between our personality and talent. Every country or state has its own constitutional and political history every country in this world fought for independence and some are fighting still now. Every fighting country has brave people with it but it still wants someone to motivate or encourage its people so that it would be easy for them to face circumstances and to remain united. We have many examples of these motivators such as Fidel Castro, M. A Jinnah, Mahatma Gandhi, Hasan Nasrullah and many more freedom fighters that fought until their last breath and gave their people a free and own homeland to live on it. These freedom fighters include an old but a polished name of history, James Wilson, who fought for the independence of Pennsylvania through his talent skills and constitutional experience. The man who succeeded in making a revolution in the minds of American colonists, for Pennsylvania, was James Wilson. He was born in Scotland on September the 14th, 1742. There is no idea of his primary education, but in Scotland he attended the Universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow and Edinburgh, but did not attain a degree. He did not complete his studies, but soon became a tutor in the College of Philadelphia, from where he received an honorary Masters degree. He was very keenly interested in Law, and in 1767 he was admitted to the bar. He started his Reading practice in 1768 and through his eagerness in this field; he soon became a successful lawyer. By that time he handled nearly half of the country court’s cases. In this period of years, one was the year when he married Rachel Bird. The professional work of James Wilson belonged to the law practices. In 1767 he was admitted to the Bar and was recognized as a member of the Pennsylvania provincial meeting. In 1774 he was appointed to the Committee of Correspondence as well as in 1775 he was elected to the Provincial Congress. In the same year (1775), he was a Commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Cumberland County Battalion, and was also elected to the Continental Congress. He remained there from 1775-77. After three years of this job he became the Director of Bank of North America in the year 1781. Again after three years he became the member of the constitutional convention in the year 1784. His last job was an Associate Justice to the US Supreme Court that lasted between 1789 and 1798. The year 1798 was the last of his life. He died in August 28, 1798 while visiting a close friend. James Wilson’s only reason behind this struggle was to see independent Pennsylvania. He wrote many article, papers and published many pamphlets. He distributed his ideas and theory through the papers in demonstrations or public meetings. He told his speeches to many people. He diverted his ideas and his vision as far as he could. He always opposed ideas or policies, which were against Pennsylvania. Once, he wanted to oppose the constituents for their votes. He was just waiting for a good opportunity, but when the opportunity came, he did not oppose them. Everybody was shocked over this attitude of him, but there was a strategy behind his this act. James Wilson was a mastermind in the constitutional history of Pennsylvania. He was a leader in his field. He fought for the independence of his state. His work was strongly committed to the causes of nationalism. He was a brave and daring leader of his time. He fought for the independence until his last breath. He is still remembered as a great political personality in the world and an independent leader of the world. Here is a speech of this famous struggler and a true freedom fighter. This speech was prepared regarding the problems faced by the people of Pennsylvania. James Wilson, when received the honor to speech in front of his people, he did not even hesitated and told them everything about the current Pennsylvania situation. In the speech he told his people â€Å"The honor which has been given to him, he is thankful to those people for this favor as through this speech he would succeed in giving his views about the new constitution that has been submitted to the kind consideration of the United States. He said that it is a pleasant chance to lay down all the information of the constitution in front of the seniorities of the government. Firstly, he pointed out that the leading discrimination between the State and the United States government should be destroyed because in this way the people choose minorities to take decisions. In this way, there is no proper way of ruling in the country or state. Everyone claims to be a ruler and in this sort of government the people are distributed among many groups, which belong to their own leaders saying that this is the leader. While in a proper governmental system there is a proper way of everything. There are high-ups who make the decisions that what should be done in the country and what should done to curb the problems of citizens – by removing this discrimination among the governments. He described that we could make a good government, and people would also believe the government claims if trust worthy people are made the rulers. In this way, the legislature and the judiciary will work more efficiently. It would be better and easier to make decisions. People will be given a chance to vote the one of their choice but if the system of discrimination continues in the governments then it would be impossible to make better governments. He told the people that in this system we would enjoy the privileges that we want. He told the people that there should be a proper way of everything. There should be no separate ruling governments or if it continues then the state would be ruined. He told them not to act towards individualism but to do things which should take all the classes of the country or state together so that if in the future the government is doing wrong, we would be able to fight against it. But if there would be individualism then the people would be distributed in factors and t would be a confusing matter for all to solve the tangled issues. He said that the power of media should be within people. They should be given the rights to say anything they dislike about the government. People should be given rights to participate in media activities such as participating in social and political activities. He said that the freedom of expression should be allowed so that all point of views of people should be listened and lastly a wise decision should be taken. Another objection that he pointed out in the new constitution was the abolishment in civil cases by the jury. He said that the government should be honest in all cases. It should not create differences between the lower and higher economic classes. If this practice continues then the people would be rendered towards individualism and they would be more eager to take decisions by their own. According to this constitution the courts should not follow the philosophy of equality. In this regard if the people would be moving to the courts to appeal for justice, then the government high ups would register cases upon them and they would be behind the bars just for the sake of justice and equality. He said that all the case files should be closed when the whole court case is finished. It should not be like that by taking bribes the files should be closed and the officials have no records of it. He pressurized people to move to the City courts, when their appeal of justice is not fulfilled they should move to High Courts and if their result is also unsatisfactory then they should move to the Supreme Court. He said that all files of the criminal cases should be preserved for better records. He argued on the constitution by saying that the constitution speaks that in the time of peace the army should stand peacefully and watch the situation of the state or country. He gave examples and proved his facts. He told the people that the other countries, have their armies activated either it is wartime or in the peace as well. He said that if the army of our country or state is de activated then the other countries would know our intentions and through the slow motion of our country’s army in future we can also be governed by another country. Army of the country should be activated either it is war or peace. Their duty is to protect the borders and prevent any danger from the enemy countries. But if in the peace time they all go to their homes and take rest then who will take care of the borders? In this way the wrong intentions of the enemies will be planned strategically and we would be informed at the eleventh hour, when there would be no chances of saving the nation from the enemies. If the army would be de activated then who will take care of the borders. It should be made the prime duty of the army to report all the activities done on the borderline every hour to the Military Head Quarters so that any danger should be prevented before the eleventh hour. He said that the army should be made sole responsible of taking care of borders and they should be made eager to fight for the country. There should be no involvement of the army in social or political affairs of the country. Army should remain in its limits and it should not interfere in the people’s rights or in any of the governmental affairs. People should hold the grip of individualism if there would be any army interference in the public, social or political issues of the country. The next argument of Wilson was that the Senate should be made independent. This is no way that the smallest decision of the Senate should be first cleared by the President and then by the Senate body. If in case of an emergency there is no contact within the President then what will the Senate do? It will wait until there is any contact. He said that if a body has been created to take decisions then it should be made so independent to make decision of people within the state. He said that he would discourage the system of this new constitution. He also said that the President should be made aware of the decisions but it should not be like that every decision made by the Senate first needs an approval from the President and then it is forwarded to the people. In this way we would be making an excellent type of dependent and ill-fated government where the Senate and government high-ups are so dependent of each other that they could not even make emergency decision to solve the problems of the state. The next accuse he put on was that the State governments should be brought to a smaller extent. He said that there should be corporations to decide what should be done and what should not be. He argued that people should be made point of attraction and views. He said that the common view of people of wise should be rendered upon the state. There should be one corporation in every state, which will work accordingly, if there is problems in the state or if there is peace all around. He said that the corporations should tell people about their new policies so that more and more wiser decisions should be made. He said that these state corporations should take decisions common in public. However, he also argued that there should be elections for those corporations. The president should be chosen from the common people. There should be no daughter or son case of the high ups. The more wiser and honest citizen should be made the president and it depends on the public to vote for whom. Voting on terror basis should not be counted. At last, he said to his fellow citizens that may this constitution meet the needs of our public. In this speech there is no means of my own personal profit. But through this speech I would like to make you all aware of what would have been done with us if there would be no opinions on this new constitution. I think that this constitution would be hardly in favor of public because it serves all the dishonest actions of the high ups, which are not the way to our bright and glimmering future. Conclusion The conclusion of this article can only be this that James Wilson was a great constitutional and governmental fighter for his people. He supported his public until the last if his life. He always wanted a peaceful Pennsylvania. It was because of his struggle that the people of Pennsylvania were so aware of what was going on with them. It has been centuries for Wilson when he left the world but still he is recognized as one of the bravest leaders. References Alexander, Lucien Hugh. James Wilson, nation-builder (1742-1798). Boston: Boston Book Co. 1907. Carl Bridenbaugh. Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625-1742. New York. (1955) Mark David Hall, The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson, 1742-1798, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997. Biography of James Wilson http://www. ushistory. org/declaration/signers/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 James Wilson http://www. ushistory. org/declaration/signers/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 James Wilson 1742-1798 http://www. jimwilson. com/jw000USA. html Accessed, 28 February 2007 The Biography of James Wilson http://www. let. rug. nl/usa/B/jwilson/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 The speech of James Wilson http://www. constitution. org/afp/jwilson0. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 The Founders (signers of the DoI) – Forums http://www. pleasedrivethrough. com/forums/index. php? showtopic=1107 Accessed, 28 February 2007 How to cite Biography of James Wilson, Papers

Biography of James Wilson Free Essays

string(86) " This speech was prepared regarding the problems faced by the people of Pennsylvania\." We are in this world for about 5000 years or more than it. During this period of time, the world has produced many intellectuals, philosophers, musicians, poets and many other professionals. The famous ones left this world, but they leave their accomplishments behind, through which we could produce, some more and brilliant intellectuals of the current age. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of James Wilson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intellectualism depends on the inner talent of a person. No one in this world is absolute. Everybody has talent in it; however, some possibly find their inner talent and became famous, while some only keep finding their talent but when discouraged, they leave the struggle to be something in this world. The famous people of the past ages have many discoveries that led to their fame and popularity. This was the beginning of the discoveries of mankind. The ones who used their brain for intellectual and innovative purposes succeeded in turning their dreams into a reality, while some who did not even manage to keep constant check on the discoveries, failed to recover their talent and so their names were swollen by the pages of history. Their names have been lost in the black, white and grayish shades of history. History repeats itself in every form. The way may be different, the idea or the people may be different but history repeats itself in every kind. When a human is welcomed into this world, he has nothing in his hands except a wonderful brain. This brain leads him to victory and defeat. When he comes into the world, he is well known through his brain and talent. Man has always come empty-handed and he leaves too empty-handed. We always discover in this world, because before birth or after death there is nothing. Whatever, whenever we have to do, we do in this world and left our name behind. This is an introduction for the victories and intellectuals of our age. If these would not have used their brains, we would not be able to use or know the technologies. Without the struggle of intellectuals, we would be limited under restricted lines, which would always be a wall between our personality and talent. Every country or state has its own constitutional and political history every country in this world fought for independence and some are fighting still now. Every fighting country has brave people with it but it still wants someone to motivate or encourage its people so that it would be easy for them to face circumstances and to remain united. We have many examples of these motivators such as Fidel Castro, M. A Jinnah, Mahatma Gandhi, Hasan Nasrullah and many more freedom fighters that fought until their last breath and gave their people a free and own homeland to live on it. These freedom fighters include an old but a polished name of history, James Wilson, who fought for the independence of Pennsylvania through his talent skills and constitutional experience. The man who succeeded in making a revolution in the minds of American colonists, for Pennsylvania, was James Wilson. He was born in Scotland on September the 14th, 1742. There is no idea of his primary education, but in Scotland he attended the Universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow and Edinburgh, but did not attain a degree. He did not complete his studies, but soon became a tutor in the College of Philadelphia, from where he received an honorary Masters degree. He was very keenly interested in Law, and in 1767 he was admitted to the bar. He started his Reading practice in 1768 and through his eagerness in this field; he soon became a successful lawyer. By that time he handled nearly half of the country court’s cases. In this period of years, one was the year when he married Rachel Bird. The professional work of James Wilson belonged to the law practices. In 1767 he was admitted to the Bar and was recognized as a member of the Pennsylvania provincial meeting. In 1774 he was appointed to the Committee of Correspondence as well as in 1775 he was elected to the Provincial Congress. In the same year (1775), he was a Commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Cumberland County Battalion, and was also elected to the Continental Congress. He remained there from 1775-77. After three years of this job he became the Director of Bank of North America in the year 1781. Again after three years he became the member of the constitutional convention in the year 1784. His last job was an Associate Justice to the US Supreme Court that lasted between 1789 and 1798. The year 1798 was the last of his life. He died in August 28, 1798 while visiting a close friend. James Wilson’s only reason behind this struggle was to see independent Pennsylvania. He wrote many article, papers and published many pamphlets. He distributed his ideas and theory through the papers in demonstrations or public meetings. He told his speeches to many people. He diverted his ideas and his vision as far as he could. He always opposed ideas or policies, which were against Pennsylvania. Once, he wanted to oppose the constituents for their votes. He was just waiting for a good opportunity, but when the opportunity came, he did not oppose them. Everybody was shocked over this attitude of him, but there was a strategy behind his this act. James Wilson was a mastermind in the constitutional history of Pennsylvania. He was a leader in his field. He fought for the independence of his state. His work was strongly committed to the causes of nationalism. He was a brave and daring leader of his time. He fought for the independence until his last breath. He is still remembered as a great political personality in the world and an independent leader of the world. Here is a speech of this famous struggler and a true freedom fighter. This speech was prepared regarding the problems faced by the people of Pennsylvania. James Wilson, when received the honor to speech in front of his people, he did not even hesitated and told them everything about the current Pennsylvania situation. In the speech he told his people â€Å"The honor which has been given to him, he is thankful to those people for this favor as through this speech he would succeed in giving his views about the new constitution that has been submitted to the kind consideration of the United States. He said that it is a pleasant chance to lay down all the information of the constitution in front of the seniorities of the government. Firstly, he pointed out that the leading discrimination between the State and the United States government should be destroyed because in this way the people choose minorities to take decisions. In this way, there is no proper way of ruling in the country or state. Everyone claims to be a ruler and in this sort of government the people are distributed among many groups, which belong to their own leaders saying that this is the leader. While in a proper governmental system there is a proper way of everything. There are high-ups who make the decisions that what should be done in the country and what should done to curb the problems of citizens – by removing this discrimination among the governments. He described that we could make a good government, and people would also believe the government claims if trust worthy people are made the rulers. In this way, the legislature and the judiciary will work more efficiently. It would be better and easier to make decisions. People will be given a chance to vote the one of their choice but if the system of discrimination continues in the governments then it would be impossible to make better governments. He told the people that in this system we would enjoy the privileges that we want. He told the people that there should be a proper way of everything. There should be no separate ruling governments or if it continues then the state would be ruined. He told them not to act towards individualism but to do things which should take all the classes of the country or state together so that if in the future the government is doing wrong, we would be able to fight against it. But if there would be individualism then the people would be distributed in factors and t would be a confusing matter for all to solve the tangled issues. He said that the power of media should be within people. They should be given the rights to say anything they dislike about the government. People should be given rights to participate in media activities such as participating in social and political activities. He said that the freedom of expression should be allowed so that all point of views of people should be listened and lastly a wise decision should be taken. Another objection that he pointed out in the new constitution was the abolishment in civil cases by the jury. He said that the government should be honest in all cases. It should not create differences between the lower and higher economic classes. If this practice continues then the people would be rendered towards individualism and they would be more eager to take decisions by their own. According to this constitution the courts should not follow the philosophy of equality. In this regard if the people would be moving to the courts to appeal for justice, then the government high ups would register cases upon them and they would be behind the bars just for the sake of justice and equality. He said that all the case files should be closed when the whole court case is finished. It should not be like that by taking bribes the files should be closed and the officials have no records of it. He pressurized people to move to the City courts, when their appeal of justice is not fulfilled they should move to High Courts and if their result is also unsatisfactory then they should move to the Supreme Court. He said that all files of the criminal cases should be preserved for better records. He argued on the constitution by saying that the constitution speaks that in the time of peace the army should stand peacefully and watch the situation of the state or country. He gave examples and proved his facts. He told the people that the other countries, have their armies activated either it is wartime or in the peace as well. He said that if the army of our country or state is de activated then the other countries would know our intentions and through the slow motion of our country’s army in future we can also be governed by another country. Army of the country should be activated either it is war or peace. Their duty is to protect the borders and prevent any danger from the enemy countries. But if in the peace time they all go to their homes and take rest then who will take care of the borders? In this way the wrong intentions of the enemies will be planned strategically and we would be informed at the eleventh hour, when there would be no chances of saving the nation from the enemies. If the army would be de activated then who will take care of the borders. It should be made the prime duty of the army to report all the activities done on the borderline every hour to the Military Head Quarters so that any danger should be prevented before the eleventh hour. He said that the army should be made sole responsible of taking care of borders and they should be made eager to fight for the country. There should be no involvement of the army in social or political affairs of the country. Army should remain in its limits and it should not interfere in the people’s rights or in any of the governmental affairs. People should hold the grip of individualism if there would be any army interference in the public, social or political issues of the country. The next argument of Wilson was that the Senate should be made independent. This is no way that the smallest decision of the Senate should be first cleared by the President and then by the Senate body. If in case of an emergency there is no contact within the President then what will the Senate do? It will wait until there is any contact. He said that if a body has been created to take decisions then it should be made so independent to make decision of people within the state. He said that he would discourage the system of this new constitution. He also said that the President should be made aware of the decisions but it should not be like that every decision made by the Senate first needs an approval from the President and then it is forwarded to the people. In this way we would be making an excellent type of dependent and ill-fated government where the Senate and government high-ups are so dependent of each other that they could not even make emergency decision to solve the problems of the state. The next accuse he put on was that the State governments should be brought to a smaller extent. He said that there should be corporations to decide what should be done and what should not be. He argued that people should be made point of attraction and views. He said that the common view of people of wise should be rendered upon the state. There should be one corporation in every state, which will work accordingly, if there is problems in the state or if there is peace all around. He said that the corporations should tell people about their new policies so that more and more wiser decisions should be made. He said that these state corporations should take decisions common in public. However, he also argued that there should be elections for those corporations. The president should be chosen from the common people. There should be no daughter or son case of the high ups. The more wiser and honest citizen should be made the president and it depends on the public to vote for whom. Voting on terror basis should not be counted. At last, he said to his fellow citizens that may this constitution meet the needs of our public. In this speech there is no means of my own personal profit. But through this speech I would like to make you all aware of what would have been done with us if there would be no opinions on this new constitution. I think that this constitution would be hardly in favor of public because it serves all the dishonest actions of the high ups, which are not the way to our bright and glimmering future. Conclusion The conclusion of this article can only be this that James Wilson was a great constitutional and governmental fighter for his people. He supported his public until the last if his life. He always wanted a peaceful Pennsylvania. It was because of his struggle that the people of Pennsylvania were so aware of what was going on with them. It has been centuries for Wilson when he left the world but still he is recognized as one of the bravest leaders. References Alexander, Lucien Hugh. James Wilson, nation-builder (1742-1798). Boston: Boston Book Co. 1907. Carl Bridenbaugh. Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625-1742. New York. (1955) Mark David Hall, The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson, 1742-1798, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997. Biography of James Wilson http://www. ushistory. org/declaration/signers/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 James Wilson http://www. ushistory. org/declaration/signers/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 James Wilson 1742-1798 http://www. jimwilson. com/jw000USA. html Accessed, 28 February 2007 The Biography of James Wilson http://www. let. rug. nl/usa/B/jwilson/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 The speech of James Wilson http://www. constitution. org/afp/jwilson0. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 The Founders (signers of the DoI) – Forums http://www. pleasedrivethrough. com/forums/index. php? showtopic=1107 Accessed, 28 February 2007 How to cite Biography of James Wilson, Papers